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For obvious and very good reasons the study of human communication is dominated by the study of language. But from a psychological point of view, the basic structure of human communication – how it works pragmatically in terms of the intentions and inferences involved – is totally independent of language. The most important data here are acts of human communication that do not employ conventions. In situations in which language is for some reason not an option, people often produce spontaneous, non-conventionalized gestures, including most prominently pointing (deictic gestures) and pantomiming (iconic gestures). These gestures are universal among humans and unique to the species, and in human evolution they almost certainly preceded conventional communication, either signed or vocal. For prelinguistic infants to communicate effectively via pointing and pantomiming, they must already possess species-unique and very powerful skills and motivations for shared intentionality as pragmatic infrastructure. Conventional communication is then built on top of this infrastructure – or so I will argue.
When languages evolve, they often leave behind traces in space. Speakers of neighbouring languages are likely to interact and exchange properties, increasing the linguistic similarity in specific geographic regions. When languages spread and split, speakers gradually lose or alter some properties of their ancestors. At the same time, they might adapt to new environmental conditions, changing their linguistic repertoire.
Morph in translation: a preliminary account of the temporal distribution of morphological information in the DoReCo corpus.
Speakers: François Pellegrino and Matthew Stave